Wells, H. G. Essays - The Time Machine, Morlock, Time Travel

Wells, H. G. Herbert George Wells was conceived in 1866 in Bromley, Kent, a couple of miles from London, the child of a house-servant and nursery worker. Wells kicked the bucket in 1946, a well off and acclaimed creator, having seen sci-fi become a perceived scholarly structure and having seen the world understand some of science fictions fondest dreams and most noticeably terrible fears. Wells mother endeavored to discover him a sheltered occupation as a draper or then again physicist. Wells had a snappy brain and a decent memory that empowered him to pass subjects by assessment and win a grant to the Normal School of Science, where he remained for a long time and, in particular, was presented to science under the renowned Thomas H. Huxley. Wells went into educating and composing course readings furthermore, articles for the magazines that were of that time. In 1894 he started to compose sci-fi stories. - James Gunn Wells vision of things to come, with its troglodytic Morlocks dropped from the regular workers of his day and the pretty yet powerless Eloi decayed from the recreation class, may appear to be outdated political hypothesis. It rose out of the worry for social equity that attracted Wells to the Fabian Society and enlivened quite a bit of his later composition, yet time has not darkened the interest of the circumstance and the ghastliness of the symbolism. The Time Machine brought these worries into his fiction. It, as well, included the future, yet a future envisioned with more noteworthy authenticity and in more prominent detail than prior accounts of things to come. It likewise presented, for the first time in fiction, the idea of a machine for going in time. In this novel the Time Machine by H. G. Wells, begins with the time voyager attempting to convince his visitors the hypothesis of the fourth measurement furthermore, even the creation. He attempts to clarify the fourth measurement before he shows them the time machine so they dont consider him a performer. H. G. Wells utilizes subtleties about the fourth measurement to show the peruser the hypothesis about it to catch your consideration. Likewise Wells character the time traveler says Logical individuals, Realize very well that time is just a sort of room. In this statement he is obviously utilizing influence strategies. He attempts to assault there consious by saying that, logical individuals realize this is just a sort of room. He says this in trusts that they will accept what he says on the grounds that other astute individuals accept the hypothesis. This is a crude yet at the same time a viable way to attempt to convince individuals. The thought is on the grounds that numerous individuals trust it, so it must be valid. The individuals he is attempting to convince are of nineteenth century thinking what's more, well to do individuals and they are serious among other wealthy individuals so in the event that other rich and wise individuals accept this fourth measurement hypothesis so the time traveler trusts this will inspire them to find out about it. The Characters in the book Time Machine are The time traveler, Filby, the analyst, and the common city hall leader. Later the quiet man and the proofreader come in to play. Filby is portrayed as a pugnacious individual with red hair. He has another name that Wells puts on him; he consider him the youngster. The therapist likewise has another mark; he is the clinical man. The time explorer is depicted quickly when the gathering of minds head down the hallway to the lab. He utilizes his eccentric expansive head in outline. When the show up at the machines area it is depicted as Parts were made of nickel, portions of ivory, parts had surely been recorded or sawn out of rock precious stone. He likely picked these characters as witnesses since they hold advanced education what's more, individuals would trust them from that point notorieties. The clinician would be recipient in persuading the other that it is anything but a deception since he is mindful of human conduct. The commonplace city hall leader is additionally a canny man and the individuals chosen him so on the off chance that he is to accept that this works, at that point numerous individuals would follow him. Filby is another character however never discusses his remaining in society it could be his companion since he winked at the time traveler or perhaps he isn't since he contested the time travelers time machine in his face furthermore, behind his back. H. G. Wells utilizes two different characters that come to supper to meet the time explorer. The fundamental character returns from what's to come. The clinical specialist and the commonplace city hall leader

The Prophet Muhammad Achievements

Presentation Throughout the historical backdrop of humankind the delivery people of God’s divine message have been diminished to casualties of brutality and derision; from Adam to Muhammad this pattern has been rehashed. Numerous accomplishments in this world can be credited to the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)(Cheema 1).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Prophet Muhammad Achievements explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally, Prophet Muhammad was an incredible supporter of humanity and this conversation will look to comprehend the individual that he was, particularly in light with this age where intolerance and bias has made the educating of the incomparable Prophet be misconstrued. In this manner, it’s imperative to autonomously take a gander at the character and the individual that the prophet was and thus this article. Conversation Prophet Muhammad was the last prophet of God as indicated by The Quran, the Muslims blessed book. Prophet Muhammad was brought into the world the year 560 AD in the city of Mecca Saudi Arabia. Muhammad was raised by his uncle Abu Taib after he turned into a vagrant at an early age. No documentation exist showing whether he got conventional instruction with respect to perusing and composing, anyway as delineated by The Quran the experience between the Prophet and Angel Gabriel exhibits that he didn’t get any formal education(Kathir 190). In the district that Prophet Muhammad started from, impropriety, pitilessness, polytheism, icon loving and lack of education existed at a high rate. Bondage on its part had gotten so uncontrolled on that piece of the world. Prophet Muhammad was a calm youngster who kept reserved from the individuals who took an interest in agnosticism and the ceremonies related with the area at that time.He started to lecture about the presence of just on God â€Allah and at 40 years old after he got his first disclosure (Kathir 191). His proclaiming of the presence of just a single God pulled in resistance from the agnostics of Mecca (Quraysh).They offered him blessings, force, respect and material things with the expectation that he would surrender his proclaiming and rather lecture about the icons. The prophet declined this offer expressing that he could never revoke his strategic if the sun will be put on his correct hand and the moon on his left hand. Having taken this position he and his devotees were expelled from Mecca in the wake of being tormented and some of them being ruthlessly murdered by the Quraysh. He moved to Medina where he built up himself in the wake of being heartily invited (Azzam 14).Advertising Looking for paper on religion religious philosophy? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The agnostics of Mecca were resolved to uncover the new religion constraining Muhammad to guard himself in a few wars. He was fruitful with all due respect, with the assistan ce of a little power, 10,000 adherents; he had the option to overcome a gigantic, well prepared and very much prepared power (Rizvi 13). Close to an amazing finish he came back to Mecca, his old neighborhood where he took over it and proclaimed a general reprieve for everybody including the individuals who had perpetrated genuine wrongdoings. He brought lawfulness inside a brief time of ten years to individuals who were notable for rebellion, unethical behavior and numbness. From that point, Islam spread to most of Arabia and now to all sides of the world. No man with Muhammad’s achievements so far again been delivered to the world. The Prophet had uncountable achievements throughout his life live alone the world, including yet not restricted to being a prophet, judge, reformer, political pioneer and a moralist. Other than these achievements he was an individual of praiseworthy character who tried to do he said others should do as exhibited in the Hadiths. He had the best eth ics portrayed by honesty, pardoning humbleness and numerous others. The prophet Muhammad had an extraordinary love for the omnipotent God. For greater part of his life since he was a youngster, he devoted his life to attempting to build up a cozy relationship with God by asking, fasting and investing a ton of energy petitioning to him. The Prophet frequented a collapse Hira where he regularly went to quick and ask. It was during such a circumstance when he got his first divine revelation (Cheema 2). During hardships and enduring the prophet demonstrated a ton of persistence and nothing grabbed hold of him as he was never disheartened by unfriendly conditions or individual wants. Other than the demise of his dad and later his granddad, the prophet had been looked by the passing of a few of his spouses including Khadija and seven of his kids. In any case the Prophet stayed tolerant and stately in his habits, a character not saw in the individuals around him, this character was exhibit ed in one of the event that he reproved a lady who was involved in noisy grieving of the demise of her kid to which the Prophet advised her to be persistent and acknowledge divine beings will, not realizing that she was conversing with a Prophet of God, the lady disclosed to him that he(the Prophet) couldn’t comprehend the torment that accompanies losing a kid as he had never lost any to which the Prophet revealed to her that he had lost seven children(Cheema 5).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Prophet Muhammad Achievements explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Muslims have been ordered by the Prophet to treat the poor sympathetic as described by Abu Said Al-Khudri, the Prophet urged Muslims to help different Muslims by giving them garments, nourishments and drinks and consequently they will be remunerated in heaven by being given materials by green pieces of clothing of heaven, products of heaven and unadulterated wine (Cheema 11) Acquisition of riches isn't debilitated by the Prophet or denied however rather he demands that they ought to be procured legitimately and a piece of it given to poor people. For a mind-blowing duration the Prophet supported difficult work, freedom and nobleness of the individuals. He supported cause; the Prophet was generally rich, anyway in his home he never for over a day stayed without circulating his riches to good cause, the Prophet for the most part utilized his riches to satisfy God (Cheema 12). End Millions of individuals everywhere throughout the world despite everything cherish and love Prophet Muhammad(saw), he has changed the lives of many including ladies by carrying appreciation and poise to them. Islam’s establishment depends on His accepts and lessons and it is consequently that the obstructions of tribalism, prejudice, influence and riches have had the option to be broken. The fate of humankind is still generally impacted by his unrest and the record which b ears God’s message sent through him, Quran, keep on bringing intelligence, direction, and impact to all men everywhere throughout the world. Thinkers, antiquarians, understudies of religion, pioneers, Muslims and non-Muslims the same proceed to recognize and respect the Prophet a large number of years after his passing (Akhtar 10). Works Cited Akhtar S.H. Prophet Muhammad.Austin Texas.2009, Web.6 Oct.2011. Azzam K.A.Life of The Prophet Muhammad.New York.June 2003. Web.6 Oct 2011.Advertising Searching for article on religion philosophy? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Cheema M.A.The Holy Prophet Muhammad.New York:Hart publishiung,Sep 2001.Web.6 Oct 2011. Kadhir I.A.Stories of The Prophets,Al Azhar(Trans).Riyadh:Darusalam, 2005.Web.6 Oct.2011. Rizvi S.S.The Life of Muhammad the Prophet.TZ:Oxford publishing,June 2009.Web.6 Oct 2011. This paper on The Prophet Muhammad Achievements was composed and put together by client Christina Wagner to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Ethical Leadership Guide Definition, Qualities, Pros Cons, Examples

Ethical Leadership Guide Definition, Qualities, Pros Cons, Examples “Ethics must begin at the top of an organisation. It is a leadership issue and the chief executive must set the example.” â€" Edward HennessyThe world of business is full of ethical dilemmas, from where to direct scarce resources to serving the local community. Every leader will make ethical decisions, whether or not they acknowledge them at the time. But the decisions they do make can determine whether their leadership is based on an ethical framework or not. © Shutterstock | Gustavo FrazaoIn this guide, we’ll examine the ideas and concepts of ethical leadership. We’ll study the basic principles of ethical leadership and the characteristics ethical leaders showcase. Before detailing a few examples of ethical leaders, we turn our attention to the advantages and disadvantages of being an ethical leader.UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS INFLUENCING ETHICAL LEADERSHIPEthical leadership cannot be discussed without considering the concept of ethics first. The idea of ethical behavior can be different depending on when, from whom and how you ask the question and therefore, the theory requires an understanding of the definition and context of ethics.In this chapter, we’ll examine what ethics means and the modern context of ethical leadership.What is ethics?Ethical behavior is a tricky subject and the difficulties in defining ethics date back to the beginning of humanity. Societies from Ancient Greece to Ancient China have explored the concepts an d ethical behavior is the cornerstone philosophy in almost all of the world’s religions.In its simplest definition, ethics relate to knowing and doing what is ‘right. According to the Oxford Dictionary, ethics is “moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity”. By being moral, you are doing what is ‘right’.The problem of ethical behavior comes from defining what is ‘right’. As mentioned above, ‘right’ or indeed good deeds can depend on whom you ask the question. People from different cultures, religions and even from the opposite gender can view certain things as ‘right’ that others would disagree with. The definition of ethical behavior has even changed within similar cultures as society has developed and changed.Defining what the ‘right’ behavior is has always been at the centre of ethics. As we’ll see later in this section, there are different valuations for correct behavior. One of the most common ways to define what’s right comes from asking a set of questions before committing to a specific behavior. According to Patricia Pinnell and Shirley Eagan from West Virginia University Extension, people use four common questions for determining the ethics of an action. These are:The child on your shoulder. Are you OK for doing the action, even if your children are watching?The front paper story. Would you feel OK if the action/behavior became the front-page story in your local newspaper?The golden rule. Are you comfortable for being on the receiving end of this action or decisions?The rule of universality. Would it be OK if everyone in the world would behave or act that way?The idea of the questions is that if you can answer yes, the action or behavior is likely an ethical one.Ethics is therefore open to interpretation. Nonetheless, there are a few defined interpretations of how ethics can be viewed, especially in terms of behavior. Below chart shows some of the common ways of defining ethics.S ituational ethicsThe ‘right’ action is dependent on the context of the situation. This means that the right action might be wrong in another context.As an example, you might be right to lie to someone when they ask your opinion, even though lying in other situations would be considered ethically wrong.Cultural relativismCulture determines what is ‘right’ and it isn’t correct to judge other cultures based on one’s own culture. What is accepted and ethical in one culture might not be so in another.A modern example is the question of animal slaughter, which in certain cultures follows a strict cultural or religious code, which might seem wrong to a Westerner.Professional ethicsThe right is determined by a code of ethics of a specific profession and people in the profession should follow these.The code of ethics, or the Hippocratic Oath, is a good example of professional ethics.Value-based ethicsA person’s personal values should guide their behavior.Everyone has a set of v alues, which they should use to determine the ‘right’ and ‘wrong’. You should always follow your inner voice when judging your own actions.Rule-based ethicsThe rules of specific group or organization determine what is right. These include the society’s rules, religion’s rules and an organization’s rules.An organization might give a guidebook that determines which behaviors are acceptable when dealing with customers, for example.Fairness-based ethicsThe ‘right’ actions and behaviors are determined by their fairness. Everyone should be treated fairly and equally.Generally, uses the ‘golden rule’ as the guiding practice. Ethical behavior is anything that doesn’t discriminate others.Ethics based on general principlesAssumption that there are generally accepted principles, which guide human behavior and therefore, determine what is right.As an example, the ‘right’ actions might occur when you put the greater good ahead of personal interest and try avoiding har ming other people.When discussing ethics, people often think ethics and morality are the same thing. But in order to understand ethical leadership, it can be beneficial to view these two concepts differently.One of the most important ethical philosophers of modern times has been John Rawls, who made a clear distinction between comprehensive moral systems and less comprehensive systems. The distinction can help better understand the idea of ethical leadership.To Rawls, the two differ in the following manner:Comprehensive moral systems cover not just one’s behavior, but also bigger issues such as where one’s place is in the universe. These moral systems would include the world’s religions, for example.Less comprehensive moral systems would only cover areas of politics, social, and economics.Therefore, morality is generally based on much broader set of values and beliefs. These can or cannot be logically coherent. Whereas ethics is based on social norms, following coherent philos ophical principles. Nonetheless, morality can form a basis for ethical leadership, such as ethical leadership.The modern context of ethical leadershipEthical leadership is essentially a leadership theory, which uses the above ethical concepts as a guide to managing subordinates. Since ethics deals with the principles of ‘right’ behavior and leadership with influencing other people to achieve goals, ethical leadership is influencing people through ethics.The rise of ethical leadership can be traced back to the scandals inside the corporate world in recent decades. The fall of big organizations such as Enron and the Lehman Brothers has partly been blamed for unethical behavior and therefore, there’s been a call for a more ethical leadership to appear. In a qualitative study published in 2010, Plinio, Young and Lavery concluded the lack of ethical leadership and poor ethical behavior is among the biggest problems modern organizations face.Ethical leadership is considered to be on e solution for creating a balance between the wellbeing of the subordinates and the wider community, and the organizations profitability. The theory understands the importance of trust and good relationships. In essence, modern ethical leadership theory places importance on the idea of service. The theory is therefore somewhat close to Robert Greenleaf’s concept of servant leadership. Greenleaf wrote in 1977, in his famous book Servant Leadership, “Service to followers is the primary responsibility of leaders and the essence of ethical leadership”.Ethical leadership often takes the form of three separate approaches to leadership. The three have historical and philosophical foundations and all three emphasize different aspects in decision-making.First approach is Utilitarianism Theory, which sees the leader maximizing the welfare of the subordinates. The focus is on ensuring the subordinates feel good and are happy, before deciding on an action. Concern is on the proper ends of the action, not necessarily on how you get there. The approach is closely associated with John Stuart Mill and the ethical cost-benefit analysis.The second approach focuses on the Libertarianism Theory. The leader is to protect the freedom of the individuals as the main concern. If an action or decision would restrain the subordinate’s freedom, then the leader would not proceed with the course of action. The concern is on the intent of individuals. The approach follows Aristotle’s idea of virtue ethics or eudaimonism.Finally, the last approach to leadership emphasizes Immanuel Kant’s Ethical Theory of doing the right thing. The approach to decision-making is therefore looking at the proper means. Moral and ethical actions come from understanding what are the rules and customs of the organization and following these. The idea is that by understanding these common, agreed values, a leader can make the right decisions.In the modern context, ethical leadership theories often emph asize either one of the above approaches or a mixture of the three. Importantly, ethical leadership requires a leader to act and lead in an ethical way. This generally means ethical leadership is both visible and invisible. Leader’s actions should show in public and give reassurance to subordinates about the ethical behavior, but the leader must also think in an ethical manner. The leadership theory requires the leader to have ethics as an integral part of their everyday framework.Ethical leadership should also be understood through the lens of its influence over other leadership theories. Being ethical is a core part of other leadership styles and a strong ethical foundation is required for styles such as transformational and charismatic leadership. While strong ethical outlook is required for these leadership theories, ethical leadership places the biggest emphasis on implementing ethical values to every aspect of leadership.In their 2006 analysis of ethical leadership, Michael E. Brown and Linda K. Treviño compared ethical leadership with other notable leadership theories. While the similarities are often clear, Brown and Treviño concluded that, “ethical leaders explicitly focus attention on ethical standards through communication and accountability processes”. It’s precisely this aspect of ethical leadership that separates it from authentic, charismatic and transformational leadership.THE CORE ELEMENTS OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIPThe above explored the concept of ethical leadership and how the theory has developed in modern context. Let’s now turn our attention to the core elements of ethical leadership. What does it mean to lead in an ethical manner?Components of ethical leadership frameworkThe above showed how ethics and ethical behavior could manifest in a number of different ways. The idea of ‘doing the right thing’ can depend on your approach and whether you focus on the means or the end goals, for example. Therefore, ethical leadership requi res a solid framework to work. There are three core components of the ethical leadership framework:Internal uniformity â€" Different elements within the organization must be ethically consistent and not have contradictions.Proactivity â€" The framework should tell people what to do, instead of outlining the things you shouldn’t do. Ethical leadership framework looks forward and acts pre-emptively.Vigour  â€"The framework is regularly re-examined and updated according to the needs of the organization and the subordinates. In short, the framework is dynamic instead of a static system.Ethical framework helps a leader and the organization to make decisions and approach actions with a coherent plan, instead of having to constantly re-think and assess the situation. A framework will not provide ethical leaders with a clear decision each time, but it makes it easier to analyze the situation and to listen to other people’s opinions regarding the matter.The best way to go about creating an ethical framework requires you to follow a few simple steps. First, the leader’s ethical framework should always align with that of the organization he or she is leading. Consider the example of having to lead an organization that believes the leader should solely do decision-making, whereas you are a strong believer in collaboration. The ideologies will clash and cause problems. The exemption to the rule is a situation where the organization is seeking for a leader to change the current ethical framework.The above also points out to another important implication of ethical leadership. The leadership theory strongly encourages the leader to place the vision and mission of the organization at the core of decision-making. Therefore, the basis for the framework and decision-making should always be accomplishing and following the organizations mission statement and existing framework.The other important step is to ensure the ethical framework guiding the leadership is visible and p art of the larger conversation within the company. Ethical leadership should always be explained, as well as re-examined. Subordinates have the right to understand why decisions are made the way they are and to have their own say about things. As mentioned before, ethical leadership is not a static state; therefore, different opinions and changes within the organization will and should influence the framework and shape it to match the vision.In addition, ethical leadership should remain a shared process. This means that ethical leadership encourages and empowers others to take the lead. It has a big mentoring component attached to it, which calls for people to experience the difficulties of leadership. The idea of this is to guarantee an organization is never in a position where leadership is not available.Finally, ethical framework alone won’t help achieve ethical leadership. In the theory, ethical thought must always be followed by action. Holding ethical principles is not enoug h to constitute to ethical leadership. Integrating ethical leadershipIn terms of integrating ethical leadership and ethical framework into an organization, the focus on openness and communication is the key. Linda Fisher Thornton established seven practices to integrating ethical leadership into an organization in her 2013 book 7 Lenses: Learning the Principles and Practices of Ethical Leadership.#1 Facing the complexity ethical decisions bring aboutAs mentioned earlier, communication is key to ethical leadership. The framework must be outlined clearly and people should be aware of the ethical standards in use. Furthermore, the decision-making process should be openly discussed, even when it requires difficult decisions.Open communication on ethical standards and decisions will develop subordinates’ sense of ethics and can help them make better decisions as well.#2 Not separating ethics from other business activitiesThornton also highlights the importance of implementing ethical l eadership throughout the organization. Ethics shouldn’t be only considered at times of trouble or big decision-making, but rather also part of the day-to-day business.Everything within the company should be done with the ethical framework in mind. This includes training and hiring new employees, as well as making deals with other companies. If standards are not kept, the ethical leadership base, which relies on trust and example, will erode. It creates an environment where subordinates and other stakeholders won’t know what promise will be kept.#3 Not allowing negative interpersonal behaviors to erode trustFor ethical leadership to work, the leader must be able to create meaningful relationships with the subordinates. These relationships must then rely on trust, respect and open communication.Ethical leadership understands the difficulties in interpersonal behavior in organizations. People’s differing opinions on ethics shouldn’t be treated with negativity, but rather cultiv ate a relationship within the organization where different views can be discussed. After all, ethical leadership relies on development and growth.#4 Seeing ethics beyond laws and regulationsWhile one aspect of ethics clearly believes that ethical behavior can be determined by the focus on following laws and regulations, ethical leadership should embrace ethics more widely.Organizations shouldn’t just consider doing the right thing in terms of what the regulations say, but to express ethics in a wider framework of social justice and sustainability.#5 Not exempting subordinates from ethical expectationsJust as ethical leadership should be implemented organization-wide and in day-to-day activities, the subordinates shouldn’t be exempt from meeting the ethical expectations set by the framework.People should be aware of the framework and the ethical behavior that is paramount for the team, and they should behave accordingly.#6 Celebrating positive ethical momentsAlthough it’s impor tant to hold people accountable in terms of ethical behavior, the framework also requires celebrating positive achievements. Since the leadership calls for proactive behavior instead of reactive, leaders should be focusing on the positive outlook.The focus should be on implementing and enforcing the right model and framework for ethical leadership, instead of pointing out what it shouldn’t look like.#7 Understanding ethics to be a long-term developmentFinally, ethical leadership is a long-term development plan and framework. It’s not about quick fixes and it can take a long-time to develop a strong ethical behavior across an organization. Importantly, ethical leadership is never a finished process, but the framework should change with the organization and with time.As mentioned above, ethics change according to time and therefore, what the organization does now might not be considered ethical by its own standards within thirty years.THE QUALITIES OF AN ETHICAL LEADEREthical phil osophy is not a static framework people are born with. As the examples above have shown, ethical behavior can be determined in many ways. People develop internal ethical frameworks over time, with different experiences and life events influencing the ethical approach. Therefore, the qualities of ethical leaders are not innate, but rather, can be enforced and developed throughout the leader’s life.Furthermore, your life experiences can reinforce or reignite specific ethical ideas within you. Your ethical leader framework will be a constant examination of your own behaviors and qualities.In this section, we’ll examine the qualities ethical leaders highlight, before providing you with an idea of the actions an ethical leader should take in their everyday life.Before you venture into reading about the characteristics, watch the interview of Apple CEO Tim Cook explaining how he developed his ethical compass: The core characteristics of ethical leadersThere are specific characteristic s ethical leaders showcase. The traits you should focus on as an ethical leader include the following.ConscientiousStudies on ethical leadership has shown one of the most crucial traits of an ethical leader is being conscientious. Fred Walumbwa and John Schaubroeck’s research published in the Journal of Applied Psychology in 2009 and Karianne Kalshoven, Deanne Den Hartog and Annebel De Hoogh’s paper on ethical leadership, published in the Journal of Business Ethics in 2011, pointed out ethical leader’s ability to be thorough, careful and vigilant.Ethical leaders take their positions seriously and they want to succeed in their role. Furthermore, they want to help empower others and ensure the organization and subordinates they serve are succeeding. The leader focuses on the diligence and dedication to get the job done.Conscientiousness also means the leader should showcase strong moral identity. An ethical leader wants to define and think of him- or herself as a good person. Th ere is a concern present for doing the right thing and perhaps more importantly, of thinking what the right action would be.Conscientiousness and moral identity are perhaps the traits innate in an ethical leader. The willingness to consider ethics and to behave in a moral manner is something that stems from the inside and it can be hard to instill in a person. Nonetheless, as a leader, you want to start thinking about your actions more often and to consider the ethical implications of making choices.InclusiveEthical leaders are inclusive. This means that they are open to other opinions and encourage people to voice different ideas within the organization. But on top of this type of communicative and collaborative inclusiveness, ethical leaders also work with people from all sorts of backgrounds. An ethical leader understands the benefits of a diverse work environment, and therefore, wants the organization to be more inclusive of people from different ethnicities, races, cultures and backgrounds.Inclusiveness requires understanding as well as acceptance of different people and of differing opinions. An ethical leader must therefore educate him- or herself in a variety of things, such as cultures and gender identity. It’s important to be open to listen at all times without passing judgment. Perhaps importantly, an ethical leader should remember that while ideas can be criticized, people shouldn’t.AccountableAccountability is another important characteristic of an ethical leader. The responsibility of ethical leadership must be treated with respect and in a serious manner. As mentioned before, by doing what you are saying, you can show true ethical leadership and therefore build trust among the subordinates. You must, as a leader, be responsible for the actions and decisions.The modern corporate world has shown examples of the importance of accountability at the highest level. During the Enron scandal, the Chairman and CEO, Ken Lay and Jeffrey Skilling, argue d against their accountability in the context of not knowing about the illegal accounting practices.But the point isn’t as much whether these leaders actually knew or not, since they should have known because of their position. The responsibility of being in charge and ensuring the ethical standards are upheld fall ultimately on the leaders and an ethical leader would take responsibility.ConsiderateConsiderate behavior is important for an ethical leader in two separate senses. First, an ethical leader must consider all of his or her actions and find the ways to minimize harm. Indeed, Rushworth Kidder presents moral dilemmas in his book How Good People Make Tough Choices, not as a choice between right and wrong, but between two rights (or two wrongs).Ethical leaders will often be faced with situations where both actions might do good or harm, yet they have to be considerate of choosing the ‘best’ solution for the situation, keeping in mind the overall ethical framework of his o r her leadership and the vision of the organization.The second type of consideration requires the proper treatment of subordinates and other stakeholders. The characteristics of treating people with fairness and honesty might seem rather obvious, but it’s, nonetheless, an important trait a leader would want to focus on. The key thing to remember is that the saying, “everyone is equal”, does not mean that each subordinate is the same. Rather, the saying implies that the worth of each subordinate should never be different in the eyes of the leader.ConsistentAll of the above traits are enhanced by consistency. As mentioned above, ethical leadership framework must be present at all times and an ethical leader must showcase consistency in his or her approach. An ethical leader can inspire the workforce by staying true to his or her own ethical standards. Rules and regulations shouldn’t be seen as an obstacle you could bend if the situation requires it. As a leader, you shouldn’ t high higher standards in a specific field, such as labor standards, if you are willing to overlook certain other regulations, such as environmental standards.Consistency is also required in the way you treat subordinates and stakeholders. You must outline the rules and the ethical framework and hold on to these standards when you deal with people. You can’t tell off someone for doing something you wouldn’t punish for in another situation.AuthoritativeEthical leaders must learn to be authoritative and to use his or her power. But there are important distinctions in how autocratic or authoritarian leaders use power and how ethical leaders control the subordinates. Whereas in the more authoritarian models decision-making is in the hands of the leader, in ethical leadership there must be collaboration in the process. It doesn’t mean that the ethical leader wouldn’t be in charge of the final decision, but only implies the authority is structured in a way other people can share it with the leader.Importantly, there is a distinction in the use of power. In his book, Escape from Freedom, Erich Fromm distinguished two separate ideas of power. First, there is the power over, which allows leaders to use subordinates in order to achieve an end. Power to means the ends can be achieved without using one’s power to force others in doing something. Notice the latter doesn’t mean leaders wouldn’t need help, for instance, but only that others don’t act through coercion or force.Power for an ethical leader is about the latter option. The focus is to achieve the ends, not to gain personal accomplishments or to prove you are better than others. In essence, ethical leaders use authority as a mean to empower others and sharing responsibilities and power is seen as a means to increase the chances of success.Key actions of ethical leadersIn addition to the above traits, ethical leaders also engage in specific actions as part of their leadership. Below are some of the things an ethical leader should focus on in order to improve his or her ethical behavior and build more trust with the subordinates.Creating I-Thou relationshipsFor the organization to work, positive relationships are required. Ethical leadership focuses on relationships that rely on respect and trust, even when there isn’t always agreement. It’s important to trust each member within the team, even if you don’t always agree with the decisions. German philosopher and theologian Martin Buber called these as I-Thou relationships. The distinction between the I-Thou relationships and the I-It relationships is explained on slide 8 of the following presentation.[slideshare id=15576061doc=chapter9-121210133609-phpapp01w=640h=330]The ethical leader must embrace subordinates as valuable and important to the organization and its success. There must be a level of respect, even if the leader doesn’t always see eye-to-eye with the person.In order to create the I-Thou dialogue and relatio nship, the leader must treat subordinates with trust and respect. This requires honesty in saying what needs to be said. Whilst ethical leader never wants to intentionally hurt anyone, the leader should not sugar-coat things either. If you are honest and you respect other people’s opinion, they will respond with the trust.As a leader, you must also place the interests of the organization before your own self-interest. You can’t expect respect from subordinates or other stakeholders, if your decisions are based on what is good for you. The accountability factor plays a crucial role in this aspect, as you need to be willing to put yourself on the line if it’s in the interest of the organization and the common good.Setting up proper communication and collaboration channelsCommunication and collaboration are the cornerstones of ethical leadership. An ethical leader must set up proper communication channels to allow feedback to fly in both directions. With proper communication come s less rumors, suspicion and ultimately resentment, as people can be more aware of what is happening around them. Creating an open culture and one that enforces explanations will help build more trust and respect among the theme.In order to have proper communication, you should improve your overall communication skills. This includes understanding the importance of verbal and non-verbal communication and to strive for clarity in expression.In addition to communication, you want to pay attention to collaboration. Collaboration means asking for ideas and channeling power to other people. If you allow people to take the lead and you trust their ability to make good choices, you will gain further respect.Harness your communication skills by watching this video. Striving to increase your competenceLeaders must be competent and knowledgeable, as this is the main reason they are trusted in the first place. Ethical leaders should be striving to increase their competence and to enhance their own skillset â€" just as they should expect the subordinates do.In part, this might require you to admit your shortcomings. You should forget about the notion that showing imperfections is a sign of weakness, and instead celebrate your ability to admit you need help. Delegating is not a dirty word in ethical leadership. You should never accept responsibilities or tasks as a leader you are not competent in doing.Furthermore, you need to continuously educate yourself and discuss the industry and the leadership position with other leaders. You want to enhance your understanding of the organization and everything relating to the industry, but also improve your ability to be ethical and to lead other people.Re-examining your ethical behavior and valuesBy now you should have understood that ethical leadership is a journey, which doesn’t finish. Ethical leaders don’t wake up one day and feel they’ve become ‘the best they can be’. Rather you need to be constantly prepared to re-e xamine and re-evaluate your own behavior and the ethical framework you adhere to.Consider your values and ethics regularly and allow yourself to be challenged. Don’t defend your arguments or behavior blindly, but openly consider you might have to learn something new. Don’t give up on your high standards in the face of adversity. Remind yourself and others around you of the benefits of ethical behavior and the things you’ve been able to achieve and accomplish with ethical behavior.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIPEthical leadership has been closely scrutinized, perhaps because of its nature to focus on such grandiose concepts such as ethics. While it has a number of tangible advantages, the leadership theory is not always the best approach to solving organizational problems.Advantages of ethical leadershipPerhaps the biggest advantage of ethical leadership is how it leads to better rates of job satisfaction, which in turn improves employee commitment. In the 20 09 study, Walumbwa and Schaubroeck found employees under ethical leadership to be less likely to leave the job and overall, the employees were more happy and helpful.The increased job satisfaction is driven by the leadership theory’s focus on communication and collaboration. An employee won’t feel out of line for expressing their opinion and the relationship between the people in higher ranks and the people in lower positions is based on mutual respect. Each individual is treated with respect and the work they do is appreciated.Furthermore, since ethical leaders lead by example, the helpful behavior is likely to spread across the organization. Ethical leaders shape the organization and therefore, the organization will attract people whose own moral and ethical framework is similar to that of the leader and the organization. In fact, David Mayer et al found in a study published in 2012 that ethical leadership reduces unethical behavior in subordinates. Therefore, the leadership t heory has a powerful impact across the whole society.The strong ethical framework and leadership example can also help ensure employees report on problems quicker. Issues that might not arise otherwise can become something subordinates feel compelled to discuss with the leadership, which can guarantee the organization won’t run into troubles later. For instance, in companies such as Enron, a stronger ethical framework would have alerted the leadership about the wrongdoing (assuming they didn’t know about it).Ethical leadership can also provide an additional collaborative benefit to an organization. As mentioned above, ethical leadership framework embraces collaboration and this doesn’t just imply co-operation within the organization. Ethical companies also collaborate with other organizations that share the same ethical framework. The open approach to dealing with other organizations and being a trustworthy partner can boost innovation within the organization.Overall, the lead ership model can reduce business liability and prevent costly errors within the organization. In fact, a Harvard Business Review summarized a study, which found that good leadership could boost a company’s bottom line. Employees, who marked their CEOs higher for character qualities, saw the organization have an average return on assets of 9.35% over a two-year period. This was almost five times the average return of the organizations with lower character ratings.Disadvantages of ethical leadershipDespite the positive elements ethical leadership can provide to an organization, it arguable can cause issues as well. Ethical leadership requires the leader’s ethical framework to fall in line with the vision of the organization. But it’s not just the leader and the organization that need to be aligned, the subordinates can find it difficult working in an environment with certain ethical standards. You should be aware by now that ethical behavior depends on the person’s worldview a nd therefore, ethical behavior of an organization might not be considered ethical by another person. The different ethical frameworks can cause tension within an organization and therefore, certain people might not find the environment pleasant or welcoming.Furthermore, ethical leadership can be rather dependent on the leader’s ability to influence. In a way, ethical leadership has charismatic leadership tendencies, which means people might be following the leader without a critical approach. This can mean that employees trust the leader so much, they forget about the leader’s humanity â€" meaning they are blind to any mistakes or problems. For an organization, a blue-eyed approach to following the leader can be devastating in terms of making the right decisions.Ethics are difficult and upholding high ethical standards at all times can be extremely complicated. The so-called grey areas are more than likely to arise and cause issues. The problem for organization is upholding ethi cs while trying to maintain a positive bottom line. In certain situations, such as keeping up with regulations, the costs can go up and therefore make ethical leadership financially harmful for the business. The downsides in terms of finances tend to be short-term, but the short-term impact can be crucial for new companies, for example.With ethical leadership, organizations are going to have to pay more attention to policies. Clarity is paramount for the leadership model and this can mean the need for clear and coherent policies, rules and regulations. The more detailed the policies, the easier it is to guarantee proper ethical standards are upheld. But this can mean plenty of extra work, especially at the start. The rigorous clarity and consistency could be challenging, especially for smaller organizations.Finally, as eluded above, the requirements for consistency could act as a drawback. Ethical leadership can be difficult to maintain, but if you step out of the framework once, yo u can damage the respect earned with your subordinates and other stakeholders. Claiming to be an ethical leader and not acting in an ethical manner could be worse than following another framework but implementing ethical behaviors in occasionally.EXAMPLES OF FAMOUS ETHICAL LEADERSTo highlight ethical leadership in the real world, we’ve gathered a few examples of ethical leaders. Through these examples you can see how ethical leadership works in practice and perhaps notice better the advantages and disadvantages it entails.James Burke / JJJames Burke is often one of the first examples of ethical leader people give and when you understand the story, you understand why. Burke’s ethical leadership highlights the difficulties of the corporate world and the need of creating a trust-based relationship with the organizations customers.Burke’s ethical leadership became evident during a Tylenol Crisis his company JJ faced in the fall of 1982. Burke took immediate action to have all the company’s Tylenol capsules removed across the country, although this created a large financial loss for the organization. He went even further than that. He allowed the media to follow company meetings, he spoke on several occasions on TV and he introduced new protections to the way the organization packaged its products. The costs weren’t added to the price, but were absorbed by the organization.In an interview for a 2004 book Lasting Leadership, Burke said,“You tell me any human relationship that works without trust, whether it is a marriage or a friendship or a social interaction; in the long run, the same thing is true about business.”Tony Hsieh / ZapposTony Hsieh has achieved meteoric success with his online shoe retailer Zappos. The organization started in 1999 and turned the retailer market upside down. The success can partly be put down to Hsieh’s ability to put ethics at the core of what the company does.David Henderson interviewed Hsieh for his book Making News i n the Digital Era and the ethical revolutionary pointed out two important parts of leadership. First, the company knew it had to embrace transparency â€" it wouldn’t achieve its objectives by trying to hide from its customers. Second, Zappos has tried to create a company culture on core values.Hsieh made an interesting point about core values in the interview stating,“It doesn’t really matter what the core values are, as long as the entire organization commits to those core values. The most important thing in any large organization is alignment [around values and vision].”Howard Schultz / StarbucksStarbucks has consistently appeared on the World’s Most Ethical Companies list by the Ethisphere Institute. Large part of the company’s ethical approach to making business has stemmed from its leader Howard Schultz, who has always put employee wellbeing at the heart of the organization.Schultz wanted to ensure all employees receive access to healthcare, even if they work part-t ime for the organization. The coffee is sourced ethically and there is emphasis on sustainability throughout the business, from choosing business partners to providing the service to customers.The company’s leader has also received personal accolades, continuously ranking high on the Glassdoor’s list of Highest Rated CEOs. Schultz has been recognized for understanding that great customer service starts from happy employees. Through ethical leadership, he has been able to inspire employees to serve better.Interestingly, Starbucks is also a good example of the scrutiny ethical leadership brings about. Because the company has set such high standards to itself, protesters regularly point out to any problems the company might have in meeting its targets.You should watch the start of this interesting talk with Howard Schultz at the 2012 Aspen Ideas Festival. The conversation tries to answer the questions “Can corporate values drive shareholder value?” The whole video is rather lon g, but the starting minutes are the most crucial to understanding ethical leadership. FINAL THOUGHTSEthics is part of the discussion when it comes to leadership, as leaders and organizations have to make ethical choices every day. The kind of role these ethical decisions take within the organization naturally depend on the leadership style and the vision the company wants to use. Ethical leadership is a model, which emphasizes the importance of ethics in decision-making and highlights the positive impact the leadership style can have.Ethical leadership is based on trust and respect. For the framework to work, ethical leaders must align their own ethical standards with those of the organization and ensure there is an environment of openness. Ethics isn’t a stagnant concept, but it requires constant challenging and re-evaluation in order to provide the benefits.But the dynamic nature of the leadership theory also makes ethical leadership challenging to accomplish. Consistency can be difficult to maintain and aligning different ethical standards will be crucial for leadership success. Nonetheless, having a well-thought ethical framework can help in the decision-making process, especially in today’s complex world. 55 â€" Ethical Leadership Guide Definition, Qualities, Pros Cons, Examples

What Is Cinema The World s Most Complex, Collaborative,...

What is Cinema? A cinema or a movie, or you may say it as a motion picture, which includes the art of moving images through a visual medium that tells stories and exposes or expresses reality. Cinema is the world’s most recent art form that was created in the 19th century. It is the world’s most complex, collaborative, and costly artistic expression. Initially, the first two versions of the film camera used were the kineto-graph and its European counterpart, the cinematograph to record daily events like a train arrival at a station and an electrocuting elephant. It was after that when Documentary filmmaking was then born and tremendously explored. Average men were instructed on how to use the recently-created camera and were hired to go for journeys around the globe and capture all the exotic images so as of the pyramids in Egypt. To say that the first movies were documentaries is a mistaken belief that too a big one. The first one-reelers were no more than a minute long, and they were called actualities. They were recordings of almost pointless daily events. Documentary filmmaking was something far more elaborated versions than actualities that was developed later. Documentaries are the complex films that are structure and purposed differently. Perhaps the only valid argument for calling the first actualities as â€Å"documentaries† is on the account of a specific style of documentary that is cinà ©ma và ©rità © (in French for â€Å"truthful cinema†) that is characterized by aShow MoreRelatedMy Museum Of World Religions Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Civilization Room 1: Religion â€Å"In the great hall of the museum of World Religions, you will find 10 major religions that were chosen based on history and the number of followers† (1). 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Stereotypes Of Black Female Actresses - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1893 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Stereotypes Essay Did you like this example? Since the beginning, black female actresses have been afflicted by the stereotypical roles that they play in television shows, short films, and films that made it to the big screen black actresses have been portrayed as being overdramatic, irrational, violent, and unreliable as well as often being either unemployed or working hard labor jobs that are more often than not degrading to the black female character. Black actresses play these roles in television and movies because they are viewed as always struggling and having problems whether that be emotionally and/or financially compared to the roles white women play because they are deemed to be perfect and have everything going for them.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stereotypes Of Black Female Actresses" essay for you Create order There are many movies where African American actresses played different types of roles that frequently put black women in a negative light. For instance black women play many roles in movies that involve domestic violence where they are helpless in their current situation. Through the course of the films they are usually beaten by their boyfriends, husbands, thugs, etc. Movies and TV shows like these dont just subject stereotypes of black women on their black female actresses but black men as well on how they treat their women. They also have women play roles as single mothers struggling to take care of their children and themselves. However depending on the storyline of the movie or show sometimes these roles can help prove how strong black women are and that they are indeed capable of taking care of her family and herself without a partner. In other movies theyve shown black actresses playing the roles of prostitutes, to uphold the idea that some men think less of black women because they are willing to expose their bodies to anybody for money in return. There are also films that display black women as educated and having successful careers, though those films are in the minority compared to stereotypical films of black women. These roles in films show that not all black women are the same and that there are black women in the world who are successful and educated. Movies like The Help, Diary of a Mad Black Women, The Color Purple, and Why Did I Get Married show the different roles black women represent in films and in real life. My paper will have a focus on the different roles black women play in films, as well as providing a detailed analysis of the different movies that a black women play in. These movies will give you a new impression of black women and the different stereotypes that they portray. I will discuss some examples from the articles and movies that I have. During my research I will focus on one particular point in each movie so that as a reader you will have a more defined understanding of my topic. There are also other sources that Ive used during my research to back up on my topic. Nowadays in society stereotypes in movies have altered a lot due to many people disagreeing and hating the way these stereotypes have shaped the opinions and impressions of black women. To begin with black women shouldnt to be treated unequally from white women, because whatever a white women can do a color women can do. I believe this because the color of your skin does not dictate what you can accomplish. This book shows that black women will make sacrifices and do anything for her family. Mammies No More, tells a story of how a black women worked more for the white family rather than her own. In the book it mentions that the mammy is a black women who focuses her time love, devotion..on white particularly her adopted white family, rather than her own (Anderson). This quote demonstrates that black women arent unreliable but instead are willing to make sacrifices that she deems necessary for the wellbeing of her family even if shes required to spend all their time on their work and less time with their family. Black women are stereotypically looked at negatively. Our society uses different names to describe them, which I believe shouldnt have any part of stereotyping women of color. Black Women Stereotypes in the Media, is a YouTube video that shows the many views of how black women are stereotyped in the media as, violent, argumentative, loud, less than a man, an object or possession, and having no self-control. The video encourages that black women should always be proud of who they are and have pride in the color of their skin regardless of what people think of them and not pay attention to the negative stereotypes that some people in our society have about them. In the article Black Women on Screen as Future Text, the author Nina Cartier describes how the impression of black women can change simply by her name regardless of her physical appearance. In Cartiers article she stated that new perspectives on black womens representations in the form of Kerry Washington who plays the role of Olivia Pope from Scandal and Nicki Minaj who is often called and described as black Barbie. With the changing in representation of black women within our society we eliminate some stereotypes while at the same time creating new ones. For instance we have Madea an older violent yet righteous black women who holds family and respect to the highest of expectations. This character was created and played by Tyler Perry, people prefer him to play the role as Madea because of what the character believes in and how she behaves no matter how misguided or misunderstood she can be. And although the name Madea isnt a traditional name it doesnt come across and ghetto to give the character a negative first impression based off the black name stereotype. An opposing example of stereotyping by name is a television show called Martin. Where the main character Martin also plays the character of his female neighbor, Shanaynay. She is what would be the stereotypical outlandish ghetto person who has what would be considered as a ghetto name. Some black women in our society were not raised by their mother, and were not taught how to appropriately conduct themselves. African Americans are judged on a day to day basis by the way in which they carry themselves in public and the media. It would be just to believe that women carry themselves in a manner on how they want to live. In the article Mentoring and Mothering Black Femininity the author focuses on black women and how they are judged by their body, voice and images. Societys stereotype of African American women exploits problems that anybody could have and applies them to black women, almost singling them out as the only people to have those problems which is indeed not the case. The movie Precious is about a 16 year old girl who was raped by her father and had two kids. The film goes further into her life and how her mother thinks that getting an education is pointless and wont do anything for her. What this film is doing is revealing the hardships some young women live in, in this case the life of living in a bad neighborhood while being a single teenage mother without a support system. In the world that we live in today there are indeed black women who dont have a job and live off welfare to survive. The stereotype in society is that black women account for the greatest percentage of people who are on welfare, but in all actuality white people make up the greatest percentage of people who receive welfare. But because the media subjects our society to black people being ghetto, living in the hood, and poor African Americans are the ones who receive the negative stereotypes and assumptions. I think the movie the The Color Purple reveals the many of the stereotypes black women face. The movie is about a black woman living down south who faces adversity on a regular basis. She goes through abuse and as if that isnt enough the problems that she encounters in her life only goes from bad to worse. Yet the film manages to shed a positive light on the character as a strong determined black women, as she perseveres her dream of one day being able to meet her sister again. Black women face and overcome adversities that others may not understand and comprehend but some people in our modern culture will still manage to avoid looking at the good side of African American women and instead continue to stereotype and discriminate African American women. In our society today the value of a black women isnt equivalent to the value of a white women, and as irrational as that idea is it is proven that there are people who believe such a thought is true. As if what a white woman has to offer is any more valuable than what a black women has to offer especially if that women of color comes has the same background if not better as that of a white women. The Help, is about a southern college girl who dreamed of being a writer and decided to interview the black women in a town located in Mississippi during the 1960s who had spent their lives taking care of white families. What this movie shows is the stereotype and the belief that white women hold more value than that of an African American women. Because the girl who wishes to be a writer is interviewing black women who take care of white families and why a white woman at the time wouldnt be doing the things that they do which ultimately lead them to do better things and change their lives. In the movie Dairy of a Mad Black Woman Charles an abusive husband announces to his wife Helen that he was ending their marriage. And through a lot of rage and emotion Helens reaction was to destroy some of his stuff. That in itself is one of the stereotypes that is placed upon all black women is that they are loud, irrational, and out of control. In many of the films that cast black women they have them play loud emotionally charged characters that arent taken as seriously because of their witty banter and outlandish antics. And to put it in comparison there arent as many films that cast black actresses who play more serious roles as well as successful roles. There are many stereotypical roles that are given to and played by black actresses in movies which have shaped the perception of public about black women in our culture. Our black women in our society who are just as equal to anyone else and who encounter the same trials in everyday life are much more than maids, prostitutes, and struggling mothers. Which is exactly how the media projects them to their audience whether thats through movies, television shows, and advertisements. Many people despise these stereotypes needless to say the black female population being the greatest population of those who believe these stereotypes are unfairly projected on those who they dont apply. And only through actively trying to get society to realize that these stereotypes are inaccurate, unfair, and in some cases hurtful will the current stereotypes that exist begin to be eliminated.

Labor Unions in Hospitals Free Essays

Organizing and other labor union activity in the hospitals has drawn increasing attention for many years. The American Nurses Association (ANA) is the largest and oldest professional association of registered nurses in the USA (Martin, 2001). The ANA and state nurses associations are committed to the rights of registered nurses (RN), the largest group of health professionals. We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Unions in Hospitals or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ANA represents registered nurses through organizing and bargaining collectively. The ANA is definitely for creation of labor unions in hospitals (â€Å"Physicians and Unions: Implications for Registered Nurses†, 1998). This paper focuses on the development of these unions and outlines that union activity has an important role for nurses in addressing the benefits and salaries and in providing the appropriate care for patients. Labor Unions in Hospitals The leadership of formal nursing organizations historically reviewed labor unions and labor legislation with suspicion, if not with direct distaste. In the early of the 20th century, the American Nurses Association (ANA) did not consider the nursing discipline as a profession and its practitioners as professionals (D’Antonio, n.d.). On the contrary, practicing clinical nurses were somewhat more receptive to the idea of unions. The Nurses Associated Alumnae, founded in 1896, became the American Nurses Association in 1911, and nurses successfully lobbied for strict registration credentials. (â€Å"United American Nurses, AFL-CIO†, n.d.)   But the initial registration laws were voluntary (D’Antonio, n.d.).   Nurses joined together at the end of century to fight the lack of standardization among quickly development of nursing schools, hard working conditions and exploitation of nursing students. Nurses also sought a means to work together in a professional organization to establish a code of ethics, elevate nursing standards and promote the nurses interests. The first nurse staffing ratios were set by the Continental Congress during the Revolutionary War. The first permanent hospitals were established during that war—but it wasn’t until 1872 that America could boast its first professionally trained nurse, Linda Richards. (â€Å"United American Nurses, AFL-CIO†, n.d.) During the early 20th century, nurses joined other workers looking for such benefits as an eight-hour workday and paid vacations. By the 1930s, ANA and state nurses associations were considering the question of unionization for nurses — a responsibility ANA confirmed in 1946. During the 1920s and 1930s many nurses left the private-duty labor market to work in hospitals (D’Antonio, n.d.) They saw that the professionalization rhetoric did not forward their fight to control the quality as well as the conditions of their day-to-day work. Gradually the unionization idea helped to some hospitals’ nursing staffs to secure contracts that improved wages and hours worked. In the early 1940s state nurses’ associations, without the support of the ANA that was opposed to formal organizing, began their own collective bargaining units (D’Antonio, n.d.).   But in 1946 the ANA formally sanctioned the idea of â€Å"professional† collective bargaining by its constituent state nurses’ associations (D’Antonio, n.d.). In the post-World War II era nurses gained contract after contract.   Also in 1946 the ANA began the establishment of its Economic and General Welfare Program (â€Å"The Role of Collective Bargaining and Unions in Advancing the Profession of Nursing†, 1998). That decision was made because of some of the same problems that nurses and nursing continue to face and from a desire to use collective wisdom and strength to effect necessary change. Nurses were represented on a national level as well, including a decades-long battle against the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act that left private RNs without coverage under the National Labor Relations Act. Since then, collective bargaining has provided for significant accomplishments in salaries, benefits, and the professional practice of nurses. Historically, the nursing profession has worked to assure the public of   its commitment to their health needs through the establishment of professional licensure, practice standards and guidelines, and a code of ethics. Nurses have moved from the hospital into academe, research, long-term care, community and home health, school systems, the legislature, the military, law, and entrepreneurial enterprise.   Each avenue broadens professional perspective and adds value to the body of expertise and influence. By the late 1960s the trade union movement had again resurfaced as a strategy for professional autonomy and economic security (D’Antonio, n.d.). Unions such as Local 1199 of the Hospital Workers Union reorganized to allow nurses separate guilds; and strikes, although deeply regretted, were no longer unthinkable tactics (D’Antonio, n.d.). ; Labor unions representing nurses In the past 20 years, nurses in hospitals and health care agencies all over the world have unionized in an effort to achieve   appropriate wages and benefits based upon the skill level and risk involved in successfully fulfilling their job responsibilities (Klein, n.d.). There are some examples of active unions representing nurses. The UFCW (United Food and Commercial Workers Union)   represents nearly 40,000 working men and women in the health care profession in the North America who work in hospitals, nursing homes, medical and dental laboratories, and home health care (Klein, n.d.). Members include registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, unit assistants, certified nursing assistants, pharmacists, technicians, and caretakers. This union claims to have improved safety in the workplace and tackled a myriad of important issues, including restructurings, staffing levels, and compensation. Additionally, to being committed to workplace issues, the UFCW periodically sponsors training and education seminars to promote professional development among health care employees. The United Nurses of America represents 45,000 registered and licensed practical nurses and is an AFSCME affiliate (Klein, n.d.). AFSCME is the voice for 360,000 health care employees, 76,000 of whom are nurses   (Klein, n.d.).   For its members, AFSCME provides training programs, information on workplace violence, a health and safety newsletter and fact sheets, and updates on union actions. The ANA has also created the new United American Nurses (UAN) to strengthen collective bargaining states’ efforts to retain and recruit members. Now, according to the ANA, 24 states or U.S. territories have collective bargaining for nurses; 29 do not (the total of 53 includes Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the District of Columbia) (Hellinghausen, 1999).   Today’s   UAN, the nation’s largest union of staff RNs, began from the nurse unionization movement before World War II. (â€Å"United American Nurses, AFL-CIO†, n.d.) For more than 50 years, nurses, through their state nurses associations, have organized to advocate for fair wages, good working conditions and staffing levels that ensure patient safety. State nurses associations struggled for state measures to pick up the slack, and the 1974 health care amendments to the NLRA finally extended such protections. Amendments to the NLRA passed in 1983 extended Social Security coverage to non-profit workers. The United American Nurses’ forerunner, the Institute of Constituent Member Collective Bargaining Programs, met for the first time in September 1990. Nurses’ efforts through the Institute to find the solutions of workplace problems led to the organisation of a separate labor arm of ANA—the United American Nurses—in 1999. The UAN held its first National Labor Assembly in June 2000, as representatives of 100,000 nurses working under collective bargaining agreements elected Cheryl Johnson as the union’s first president and Ann Converso as the union’s first vice president. UAN affiliated with the AFL-CIO in 2001. With the addition of the UAN, the AFL-CIO represent now 1.2 million health care workers. (Martin, 2001) AFL-CIO unions bargain to provide health insurance for more than 40 million workers and family members –   accounting for one out of every four Americans with employment-based coverage. Johnson of the UAN said nurses are organizing into unions at an increased pace to gain a voice on the job and on behalf of quality patient care, and that giving nurses a voice can address the nationwide staffing crisis. Now the UAN has offered strike support on a national level to nurses on the picket line; provided media training, organizing assistance and collective bargaining help through the annual Labor Leader Institute; provided a massive and meticulous contract information database to state nurses associations and nurse leaders; and provided testimony to national leaders on patient care, staffing and other issues. Problems of nursing unions In fact, the American Nurses Association (ANA) is â€Å"wed† to organized labor and in some states, such as California and Michigan, the state Nurses Associations act as labor unions. (â€Å"Subject:Union Debate†, 2003) Most labor unions and Nurses’ Associations claim that by organizing nurses, they can increase salaries, improve benefits and working conditions, and draw more nurses into the profession. It sounds plausible, but a union cannot address the real underlying problem: Money. Unions cannot produce revenue. They can only extract dollars from the healthcare system. Nurses’ salaries and benefits are typically a hospital’s greatest expense. A hospital’s primary source of revenue is from reimbursement for patient services. While hospital operating costs have steadily gone up, reimbursement for patient services by Medicare, Medicaid, and insurance have not kept up with increased operating costs. In a February 13, 2003 Press Release by the American Hospital Association (AHA), entitled â€Å"Rising Demand, Increasing Costs of Caring Fuel Hospital Spending,† rising hospital cost is cited as one the primary drivers of an increase in hospitals’ spending (â€Å"Subject: Union Debate†, 2003). While organized labor would lead to believe there is an increased need for unionization, their popularity has declined. In our nation’s past history, organized labor played an important role in ensuring employee safety in the workplace. Currently, standards for employee safety have been established by Occupational Safety Hazard Association (OSHA), Joint Commission for Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), American Osteopathic Association (AOA), and other regulatory and accrediting bodies. Therefore, the need for unions has declined. Especially because recent changes in healthcare have subjected nurses to the effects of cost cutting, shuffled duties and reorganization, not to mention a chronic nursing shortage. Just 17% of the nation’s 2.2 million RNs belong to unions, and labor groups are looking to nursing to boost their dwindling ranks (Salcedo, n.d.). Two AFL-CIO affiliated unions actively pursuing nurses are the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) and the United Food and Commercial Workers Union (UFCW). There have been several instances of already formed collective bargaining units represented by the state nurses’ association switching to AFL-CIO affiliated unions. The American Nurses Association is reeling from the defections, including the defection of the 20,000 member CNA from the ANA in 1995 (Salcedo, n.d.). The California affiliate complained that the national leadership wasn’t doing enough to combat layoffs and staff shortages. (Jaklevic, 1999) Each state nurses association (except now California) is a member of the ANA. Each state nurses association is divided into two branches, a policy branch and a collective bargaining branch. The ANA is loudly protesting that â€Å"only nurses should represent nurses†, however, unions such as the SEIU charge that the associations are much more geared toward policy making and academic issues than collective bargaining. So, there is currently a critical shortage of nurses in USA. As long as nurses continue to feel disenfranchised, unprotected and under siege by doctors and health care administrators, interest in unions will grow stronger. Nurses organize not only to protect themselves, but also to protect the patients under their care, as evidenced by the recent activity regarding staffing levels and acuity systems. As an example, nurses, traditionally uninterested in the distractions of organized labor, are showing new eagerness to embrace unions (Seeman, 2000). But rather than objecting to pay scales or benefits plans, experts say, they are aiming more often at working conditions – depleted staffs, reduced time with patients, jobs that increasingly intrude upon their personal lives. Union membership is rising. The string of strikes in 1999 – 21 – was five times the number just four years earlier. (Seeman, 2000). More than 1,000 nurses are currently off the job. (Seeman, 2000). In California, union nurses have pushed lawmakers to guarantee more nurses on hospital floors. Hospital officials and insurers characterized the grievances as understandable but difficult to assuage. Current health care dynamics, they said, are testing the limits of all segments of the industry. What’s unknown is whether nurses’ relationship with labor will gain more momentum, and what long-term effects that might have on the nation’s medical network. In the early part of the decade, with the price of health care soaring, managed care gained currency as a strategy to encourage competition and control costs. Insurers notified hospitals that reimbursements for medical treatments would decline. That prompted hospitals to squeeze budgets, including the money spent on nurses, who typically represent about a quarter of a hospital’s work force. Hospital patients, meanwhile, grew sicker. Diseases that might have been fatal in an earlier age now left patients alive but ailing. Hospitals, under pressure to save money, discharged the less sick patients to focus on the direly ill. Technology made nursing much more complicated. In the past three years, about 15,000 nurses have become unionized by joining the Service Employees International Union. (Seeman, 2000).   About 105,000 nurses now belong. (Seeman, 2000). Another 170,00 belong to the American Nurses Association (Seeman, 2000).   Of those, about 60 percent use the organization for collective bargaining, according to the ANA. (Seeman, 2000). The overall numbers remain relatively small. Only about 15 percent of America’s 2.6 million nurses are unionized, according to government and industry estimates. (Seeman, 2000). The BNA, echoing the nurses unions, said that walk-outs are more likely rooted in complaints about mandatory overtime, inadequate staffing and worries about patient care. In California, the new law supported by union nurses requires the state to set nurse-to-patient ratio standards for general, psychiatric and special hospitals. Hospitals will also be banned from requiring unlicensed employees from performing traditional nursing duties such as giving medicine or assessing treatment. The bill was signed in October by Gov. Gray Davis. Its requirements were phased in through 2002. (Seeman, 2000). Massachusetts, meanwhile, has become very important for union activity. The Massachusetts Nurses Association persuaded about 1,550 nurses at five hospitals to unionize in a 12-month period in 1997-’98, according to Judith Shindul-Rothschild, associate professor at the Boston College School of Nursing. (Seeman, 2000). So, administrators should try to understand nurses. If to give the possibility to nurses to effectively care for their patients, half the battle is won. Better healthcare would mean better labor management relationships. Conclusion So, the American Nurses Association (ANA), along with its constituent state nurses associations, has a decades-long responsibility to the right of registered nurses, the largest group of health professionals, to represent through organizing and bargaining collectively, in labor unions (â€Å"Physicians and Unions: Implications for Registered Nurses†, 1998). Such activity can play an important role in addressing wages as well as benefits, and the many employment conditions that have a direct bearing on nurses’ ability to practice their profession and to grant the highest quality care for their patients. One of the most essential problems of unions is that there are no â€Å"guarantees† as to what will be included in a contract between management and the bargaining unit. Everything depends on contract negotiations. In other words, nurses may achieve less salary and/or benefits than before unionization. Still, unionism is only one of some options to ensure nurses’ control over their practice. For nursing always has and always will need different organizing alternatives, whether through unions or specialized practice associations. References 1. D’Antonio, P.   (n.d.). Labor Unions: Nurses’ Unions. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from   http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/women/html/wm_019610_nursesunions.htm 2. Hellinghausen, M. A. (1999, August 9) ANA’s creation of labor entity worried the TNA. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from   http://www.nurseweek.com/features/99-8/tex-ana.html 3.Jaklevic, M. (1999, July 5). Associations join pro-union ranks’ Doc, nurse organizations want to give their members a stronger voice, new services. Modern Healthcare, 6. 4. Klein, J. A. (n.d.). Unions in Nursing. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from   http://www.nursingnetwork.com/union.htm 5. Martin, S. (2001, June 28) Largest Independent Nurses Union Votes to Affiliate with the AFL-CIO. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from   http://www.needlestick.org/pressrel/2001/uan_afl.htm 6. Physicians and Unions: Implications for Registered Nurses. (1998, September) Vol. 3, No. 9. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from   http://www.needlestick.org/readroom/nti/9809nti.htm  © 2004 The American Nurses Association, Inc. All Rights Reserved 7. Salcedo, K. (n.d.). Labor Unions and Nursing. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from   http://www.oppapers.com/print.php?id=33122;idenc=KxyHiuJa 8. Seeman, B. T. (2000) Working Conditions Drive Hospital Nurses Toward Unions. Newhouse News Service. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from   http://www.newhouse.com/archive/story1a041300.html 9. Subject: Union Debate. (2003, February 24) Nurses for Preservation of Professional Ethics (NPPE). Retrieved July 10, 2004, from   http://www.nppe.org/dialog34.htm 10.The Role of Collective Bargaining and Unions in Advancing the Profession of Nursing. (1998, February)   Vol. 3, No. 2. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from   http://www.needlestick.org/readroom/nti/9802nti.htm  © 2004 The American Nurses Association, Inc. All Rights Reserved United American Nurses, AFL-CIO. (n.d.) Retrieved July 10, 2004, from   http://nursingworld.org/uan/uanhistory.htm  © 2004 The United American Nurses and The How to cite Labor Unions in Hospitals, Essay examples

Pinochets Medical Report Essays - RTT, Augusto Pinochet,

Pinochets 'Medical Report' pinochets 'medical report' Senator Pinochet has a complex medical history, but the main active medical problems at present are diabetic peripheral neuropathy and recently progressive cerebrovascular brain damage. The diabetic neuropathology is contributing to difficulties in walking and to the observed tendency to postural hypertension. The diabetes will also have predisposed to arterial disease as will a past history of smoking The cerebrovascular disease has manifested partly as minor strokes and transient asthmatic attacks but also causes progressive damage without acute symptoms. There is clinical evidence of extensive damage to the brain. This includes bilateral damage to pyramidal tracts to cause spasticity symptoms and to the basal ganglia producing features of parkinsonism. The presence of primitive reflexes indicates damage to the frontal lobes and the memory defecit is comparable with bilateral damage to temporal lobe structures. Difficulties in comprehension are secondary to the memory deficit. While much of the damage is attributable to areas of the brain served by the basilar artery (shown to be calcified, in the CT scans) the frontal lobe impairment indicates more generalised arterial disease. Fitness for trial Physically: Senator Pinochet would at present be able to attend a trial but as features of cerebrovascular damage have progressed despite optimal treatment (with good control of diabetes and blood pressure and antiplaseler agents) further deterioration in both physical and mental condition is likely. Mentally: It is our view that Senator Pinochet would not at the present be mentally capable of meaningful participation in a trial. We base this opinion on: 1. Memory defecit for both recent and remote events. 2. Limited ability to understand complex sentences and questions owing to memory impairment and consequent inability to process verbal information appropriately. 3. Impaired ability to express himself audibly, succinctly and relevantly. 4. Easy fatiguability With these impediments he would be unable to follow the progress of a trial sufficiently to instruct counsel. He would have difficulty in understanding the content and implications of questions put to him and would have inadequate insight into his difficulty. His memory of remote events is impaired. He would have difficulty making himself heard and understood in replying to questions. We are satisfied that the impediments we have identified are due to brain damage, as they are coherent in nature and consistent in manifestation and formal neuropsychological testing showed none of the features of deliberate exaggeration of impairment. In particular those neuropsychological tests indicative of original intelligence and educational levels (such as the vocabulary scale of the WAIS)show superior performance. At present, Senator Pinochet shows no evidence of clinical depression. Situational stress, as likely to be occasioned by trial, produces physiological responses that could accelerate the progression of vascular disease. We were told, however, that Senator Pinochet has in the past shown notable personal abilities in managing stress. We therefore do not feel able to express any useful opinion on the possible effects on his health of undergoing trial. The major episodes of damage seem to have occurred in a cluster of thromboembolic events during September and October 1999. There has been sufficient time for the great majority of any expected spontaneous recovery from these events to have taken place. Although some day to day fluctuation in functional abilities is characteristic of brain damage due to cerebrovascular disease we consider further sustained functional improvement of a significant degree unlikely. Background - the rest of the report: Professor Sir John Grimley Evans, Dr M J Denham, and Professor Andrew Lees undertook a clinical consultation with Senator Pinochet at Norwick Park Hospital on January 25th 2000. The consultation was undertaken in Spanish. Also present: Dr Henry Olivi (Observer) Prof. D J Thomas (Observer) Nurse Shelley Cape, Manuel Cerda (Senator Pinochet's valet) Recent Medical History: Following surgical decompression of lumber spine in 1998 Senator Pinochet was troubled for some weeks by severe headache across the brow. This resolved spontaneously. For the last 8 to 9 months he has noted difficulty in walking and now can only cover 200 yards before his legs become too weak to continue. He now walks with a stick. Numbness of the soles of his feet has also progressed over that time. Over the last ten months he has noticed a gradual